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core: refactor out byte stream into its own file easy dubs
author Paper <paper@paper.us.eu.org>
date Tue, 16 Jul 2024 21:15:59 -0400
parents 1faa72660932
children
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1 <!DOCTYPE html>
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4 <html lang="en">
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5 <head>
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7 <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
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8 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
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10 <meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.17.1: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />
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12 <title>Overview &mdash; fmt 10.2.1 documentation</title>
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14 <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/basic.css" type="text/css" />
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15 <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
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16 <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/breathe.css" type="text/css" />
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18 <script type="text/javascript">
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20 URL_ROOT: './',
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21 VERSION: '10.2.1',
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22 COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
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23 FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
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24 LINK_SUFFIX: '.html',
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25 SOURCELINK_SUFFIX: '.txt',
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26 HAS_SOURCE: true,
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27 SOURCELINK_SUFFIX: '.txt'
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28 };
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29 </script>
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30 <script src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
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31 <script src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
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33 <script src="_static/language_data.js"></script>
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34 <link rel="index" title="Index" href="genindex.html" />
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35 <link rel="search" title="Search" href="search.html" />
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36 <meta name="description" content="Small, safe and fast formatting library">
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37 <meta name="keywords" content="C++, formatting, printf, string, library">
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38 <meta name="author" content="Victor Zverovich">
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39 <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/fmt.css">
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41 <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-20116650-4"></script>
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42 <script>
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43 window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
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44 function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
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50 </head>
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51 <body role="document">
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52 <nav class="navbar navbar-inverse">
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66 </div>
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73 role="button" aria-expanded="false">10.2.1
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79 <li><a href="https://fmt.dev/10.2.0">10.2.0</a></li>
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126 <p class="lead">A modern formatting library</p>
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138 <li><a href="https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases/download/10.2.1/fmt-10.2.1.zip">Version 10.2.1
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142 <li><a href="https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases/download/10.2.0/fmt-10.2.0.zip">Version 10.2.0
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146 <li><a href="https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases/download/10.1.1/fmt-10.1.1.zip">Version 10.1.1
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150 </div>
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151 </div>
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152 </div>
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153
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154
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155
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156 <div class="tb-container">
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157 <div class="row">
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158
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159
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160 <div class="content">
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161
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162 <section id="overview">
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163 <h1>Overview<a class="headerlink" href="#overview" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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164 <p><strong>{fmt}</strong> is an open-source formatting library providing a fast and safe
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165 alternative to C stdio and C++ iostreams.</p>
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166 <div class="panel panel-default">
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167 <div class="panel-heading">What users say:</div>
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168 <div class="panel-body">
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169 Thanks for creating this library. It’s been a hole in C++ for
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170 a long time. I’ve used both <code>boost::format</code> and
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171 <code>loki::SPrintf</code>, and neither felt like the right answer.
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172 This does.
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173 </div>
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174 </div><section id="format-api">
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175 <span id="format-api-intro"></span><h2>Format API<a class="headerlink" href="#format-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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176 <p>The format API is similar in spirit to the C <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf</span></code> family of function but
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177 is safer, simpler and several times <a class="reference external" href="https://www.zverovich.net/2020/06/13/fast-int-to-string-revisited.html">faster</a>
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178 than common standard library implementations.
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179 The <a class="reference external" href="syntax.html">format string syntax</a> is similar to the one used by
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180 <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.format">str.format</a> in
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181 Python:</p>
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182 <div class="highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fmt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;The answer is {}.&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">);</span>
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183 </pre></div>
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184 </div>
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185 <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fmt::format</span></code> function returns a string “The answer is 42.”. You can use
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186 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fmt::memory_buffer</span></code> to avoid constructing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">std::string</span></code>:</p>
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187 <div class="highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">out</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fmt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">memory_buffer</span><span class="p">();</span>
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188 <span class="n">fmt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">format_to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">back_inserter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">out</span><span class="p">),</span>
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189 <span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;For a moment, {} happened.&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;nothing&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
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190 <span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">out</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// pointer to the formatted data</span>
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191 <span class="k">auto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">out</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// size of the formatted data</span>
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192 </pre></div>
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193 </div>
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194 <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fmt::print</span></code> function performs formatting and writes the result to a stream:</p>
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195 <div class="highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">fmt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;System error code = {}</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">errno</span><span class="p">);</span>
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196 </pre></div>
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197 </div>
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198 <p>If you omit the file argument the function will print to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stdout</span></code>:</p>
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199 <div class="highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">fmt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Don&#39;t {}</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;panic&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
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200 </pre></div>
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201 </div>
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202 <p>The format API also supports positional arguments useful for localization:</p>
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203 <div class="highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">fmt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;I&#39;d rather be {1} than {0}.&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;right&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;happy&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
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204 </pre></div>
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205 </div>
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206 <p>You can pass named arguments with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fmt::arg</span></code>:</p>
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207 <div class="highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">fmt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Hello, {name}! The answer is {number}. Goodbye, {name}.&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
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208 <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fmt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;World&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fmt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;number&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">));</span>
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209 </pre></div>
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210 </div>
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211 <p>If your compiler supports C++11 user-defined literals, the suffix <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_a</span></code> offers
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212 an alternative, slightly terser syntax for named arguments:</p>
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213 <div class="highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">using</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">namespace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">fmt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="nn">literals</span><span class="p">;</span>
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214 <span class="n">fmt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Hello, {name}! The answer is {number}. Goodbye, {name}.&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
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215 <span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="n">_a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;World&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;number&quot;</span><span class="n">_a</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">);</span>
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216 </pre></div>
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217 </div>
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218 </section>
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219 <section id="safety">
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220 <span id="id1"></span><h2>Safety<a class="headerlink" href="#safety" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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221 <p>The library is fully type safe, automatic memory management prevents buffer
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222 overflow, errors in format strings are reported using exceptions or at compile
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223 time. For example, the code</p>
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224 <div class="highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">fmt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;The answer is {:d}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;forty-two&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
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225 </pre></div>
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226 </div>
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227 <p>throws the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">format_error</span></code> exception because the argument <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;forty-two&quot;</span></code> is a
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228 string while the format code <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">d</span></code> only applies to integers.</p>
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229 <p>The code</p>
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230 <div class="highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FMT_STRING</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;The answer is {:d}&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;forty-two&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
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231 </pre></div>
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232 </div>
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233 <p>reports a compile-time error on compilers that support relaxed <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">constexpr</span></code>.
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234 See <a class="reference external" href="api.html#compile-time-format-string-checks">here</a> for details.</p>
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235 <p>The following code</p>
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236 <div class="highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>fmt::format(&quot;Cyrillic letter {}&quot;, L&#39;\x42e&#39;);
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237 </pre></div>
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238 </div>
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239 <p>produces a compile-time error because wide character <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">L'\x42e'</span></code> cannot be
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240 formatted into a narrow string. For comparison, writing a wide character to
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241 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">std::ostream</span></code> results in its numeric value being written to the stream
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242 (i.e. 1070 instead of letter ‘ю’ which is represented by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">L'\x42e'</span></code> if we
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243 use Unicode) which is rarely desirable.</p>
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244 </section>
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245 <section id="compact-binary-code">
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246 <h2>Compact Binary Code<a class="headerlink" href="#compact-binary-code" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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247 <p>The library produces compact per-call compiled code. For example
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248 (<a class="reference external" href="https://godbolt.org/g/TZU4KF">godbolt</a>),</p>
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249 <div class="highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf">&lt;fmt/core.h&gt;</span>
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250
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251 <span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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252 <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fmt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;The answer is {}.&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">);</span>
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253 <span class="p">}</span>
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254 </pre></div>
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255 </div>
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256 <p>compiles to just</p>
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257 <div class="highlight-asm notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>main: # @main
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258 sub rsp, 24
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259 mov qword ptr [rsp], 42
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260 mov rcx, rsp
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261 mov edi, offset .L.str
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262 mov esi, 17
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263 mov edx, 1
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264 call fmt::v7::vprint(fmt::v7::basic_string_view&lt;char&gt;, fmt::v7::format_args)
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265 xor eax, eax
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266 add rsp, 24
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267 ret
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268 .L.str:
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269 .asciz &quot;The answer is {}.&quot;
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270 </pre></div>
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271 </div>
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272 </section>
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273 <section id="portability">
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274 <span id="id2"></span><h2>Portability<a class="headerlink" href="#portability" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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275 <p>The library is highly portable and relies only on a small set of C++11 features:</p>
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276 <ul class="simple">
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277 <li><p>variadic templates</p></li>
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278 <li><p>type traits</p></li>
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279 <li><p>rvalue references</p></li>
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280 <li><p>decltype</p></li>
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281 <li><p>trailing return types</p></li>
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282 <li><p>deleted functions</p></li>
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283 <li><p>alias templates</p></li>
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284 </ul>
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285 <p>These are available in GCC 4.8, Clang 3.4, MSVC 19.0 (2015) and more recent
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286 compiler version. For older compilers use {fmt} <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases/tag/4.1.0">version 4.x</a> which is maintained and
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287 only requires C++98.</p>
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288 <p>The output of all formatting functions is consistent across platforms.
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289 For example,</p>
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290 <div class="highlight-c++ notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">fmt</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;{}&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">numeric_limits</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="o">&gt;::</span><span class="n">infinity</span><span class="p">());</span>
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291 </pre></div>
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292 </div>
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293 <p>always prints <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inf</span></code> while the output of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf</span></code> is platform-dependent.</p>
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294 </section>
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295 <section id="ease-of-use">
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296 <span id="id3"></span><h2>Ease of Use<a class="headerlink" href="#ease-of-use" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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297 <p>{fmt} has a small self-contained code base with the core library consisting of
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298 just three header files and no external dependencies.
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299 A permissive MIT <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt#license">license</a> allows
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300 using the library both in open-source and commercial projects.</p>
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301 <p><a class="reference external" href="contents.html">Learn more…</a></p>
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302 <a class="btn btn-success" href="https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt">GitHub Repository</a>
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303
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304 <div class="section footer">
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305 <iframe src="https://ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=fmtlib&amp;repo=fmt&amp;type=watch&amp;count=true"
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306 class="github-btn" width="100" height="20"></iframe>
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307 </div></section>
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308 </section>
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309
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310
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311 </div>
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312 </div>
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313 </div>
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314
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315
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316
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317 <div class="footer" role="contentinfo">
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318 &copy; Copyright 2012-present, Victor Zverovich.
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319 Created using <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 3.3.0.
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320 </div>
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321
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322 <script src="_static/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
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323
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324 </body>
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325 </html>